Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol used for a secure connection between a client and a server and supports various authentication mechanisms.
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The two most popular mechanisms are password based and public-key based authentication. Using SSH keys is more secure and convenient than traditional password authentication.
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In this tutorial, we will describe how to generate SSH keys on Debian 9 systems. We will also show you how to set up an SSH key-based authentication and connect to your remote Linux servers without entering a password.
Creating SSH keys on Debian #
Before generating a new SSH key pair first, check for existing SSH keys on your Debian client machine. You can do that by running the following ls command:
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If the output of the command above contains something like
No such file or directory or no matches found it means that you don’t have SSH keys, and you can continue with the next step and generate a new SSH key pair.
If there are existing keys, you can either use those and skip the next step or backup up the old keys and generate new ones.
Start by generating a new 4096 bits SSH key pair with your email address as a comment using the following command:
The output will look similar to the following:
Press
Enter to accept the default file location and file name.
Next, you’ll be prompted to type a secure passphrase. Whether you want to use passphrase, it’s up to you. With passphrase, an extra layer of security is added to your key.
If you don’t want to use passphrase just press
Enter .
The whole interaction looks like this:
To verify that the SSH key pair was generated, type:
The output should look something like this:
Copy the Public Key to the Server #
Now that you have your SSH key pair, the next step is to copy the public key to the server you want to manage.
The easiest and the recommended way to copy the public key to the remote server is to use the
ssh-copy-id tool.
On your local machine terminal run the following command:
You will be prompted to enter the
remote_username password:
Once the user is authenticated, the public key
~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub will be appended to the remote user ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file, and connection will be closed.
If the
ssh-copy-id utility is not available on your local computer, you can use the following command to copy the public key:
Login to the Server using SSH Keys #
At this point, you should be able to log in to the remote server without being prompted for a password.
To test it, try to connect to the server via SSH:
If you haven’t set a passphrase, you will be logged in immediately. Otherwise, you will be prompted to enter the passphrase.
Disabling SSH Password Authentication #
To add an extra layer of security to your server, you can disable the password authentication for SSH.
Before disabling SSH password authentication, make sure you can log in to your server without a password, and the user you are logging in with has sudo privileges.
Log into your remote server:
Open the SSH configuration file
/etc/ssh/sshd_config :
Search for the following directives and modify as it follows:
Once you are done, save the file and restart the SSH service using the following command:
At this point, the password-based authentication is disabled.
Conclusion #
In this tutorial, you have learned how to generate a new SSH key pair and set up an SSH key-based authentication. You can add the same key to multiple remote servers.
We have also shown you how to disable SSH password authentication and add an extra layer of security to your server.
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By default, SSH listens on port 22. Changing the default SSH port reduces the risk of automated attacks.
If you are regularly connecting to multiple systems, you can simplify your workflow by defining all of your connections in the SSH config file.
If you have any questions or feedback, feel free to leave a comment.
Set up your first SSH keys
Use SSH keys for authentication when you are connecting to your server, or even between your servers. They can greatly simplify and increase the security of your login process. When keys are implemented correctly they provide a secure, fast, and easy way of accessing your cloud server.
Follow our guide and learn how to set up your first SSH keys for authentication using OpenSSH or PuTTYTray.
Preparing your server
To add an SSH key pair, first, create a hidden folder to your user account home directory on your cloud server with the following command.
Then restrict the permissions to that directory to just yourself with the command below.
This creates a secure location for you to save your SSH keys for authentication. However, note that since the keys are stored in your user home directory, every user that wishes to connect using SSH keys for authentication has to repeat these steps on their own profile.
Using OpenSSH to generate a key pair
Now continue on your own computer if you are using Linux or any other OS that has OpenSSH. PuTTY users should skip to the next section.
1. Generate a new key pair in a terminal with the next command
The key generator will ask for location and file name to which the key is saved to. Enter a new name or use the default by pressing enter.
2. (Optional) Create a passphrase for the key when prompted
This is a simple password that will protect your private key should someone be able to get their hands on it. Enter the password you wish or continue without a password. Press enter twice. Note that some automation tools might not be able to unlock passphrase-protected private keys.
3. Copy the public half of the key pair to your cloud server using the following command
Replace the user and server with your username and the server address you wish to use the key authentication on.
This also assumes you saved the key pair using the default file name and location. If not, just replace the key path ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub above with your own key name.
Enter your user account password for that SSH server when prompted.
You can now authenticate to your server with the key pair, but at the moment you would need to enter the passphrase every time you connect.
4. (Optional) Set up SSH Agent to store the keys to avoid having to re-enter passphrase at every login
Enter the following commands to start the agent and add the private SSH key.
Type in your key’s current passphrase when asked. If you saved the private key somewhere other than the default location and name, you’ll have to specify it when adding the key.
Afterwards, you can connect to your cloud server using the keys for authentication, and only having to unlock the key by repeating the last 2 steps once after every computer restart.
Using PuTTYTray to generate a key pair
If you are running Windows and PuTTYTray for SSH, you can use the built-in key generator from PuTTY to create a new key pair.
1. Click the Keygen button at the bottom of the PuTTY Configuration window to get started.
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Then in the Key Generator window, check that the Type of key to generate at the bottom is set to SSH-2 RSA. The older SSH-1 was the first version on the standard but is now generally considered obsolete. Most modern servers and clients support SSH-2.
2. Click the Generate button to begin.
3. Keep moving your mouse over the blank area in any manner to help generate randomness for a few moments until the progress is complete.
With the keys finished, PuTTY will show the relative information about the pair along with the public key for easier copying.
4. (Optional) Enter a key passphrase in the 2 empty fields for the added security before continuing. The passphrase will protect your key from unauthorized use should someone be able to copy it. However, some automation tools might not be able to unlock passphrase-protected private keys.
5. Click the Save private key button and store it somewhere safe. Generally anywhere in your user directory is fine as long as your PC is password protected. Before closing the keygen, you may want to copy the public key to your clipboard, but you can always get it later as well.
Now that you have a new key saved on your computer, you’ll need to import it into the PuTTY key agent.
6. Click the Agent button to open the key manager in the PuTTY Configuration window.
7. Click Add Key button in the Key List, then browse to the location you saved the private key, select it and click Open.
Enter your key passphrase if asked.
This will import the key to your PuTTY client, but you still need to copy the public key over to your server.
8. Open an SSH connection to your cloud server and go to the SSH key directory.
9. Open or create the default file OpenSSH looks for public keys called authorized_keys.
10. Paste the public key into the file by simply right-clicking the SSH client window. Make sure the key goes on a single line for OpenSSH to be able to read it.
When you’ve copied the public key over to the authorized keys list, save the file and exit the editor. You can now test the public key authentication by logging in to your server again. You should not get asked for your password, but instead logged straight in with the key. If it’s not working, check that your private key is unlocked at your SSH Agent and try again.
![]() Turn off password authentication
With SSH key authentication configured and tested, you can disable password authentication for SSH all together to prevent brute-forcing. When logged in to your cloud server.
1. Open the SSH configuration file with the following command.
2. Set the password authentication to no to disable clear text passwords.
3. Check that public key authentication is enabled, just to be safe and not get locked out from your server. If you do find yourself unable to log in with SSH, you can always use the Web terminal at your UpCloud control panel.
Then save and exit the editor.
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4. Restart the SSH service to apply the changes by using the command below.
With that done your cloud server is now another step along towards security. Malicious attempts to connect to your server will results in authentication rejection, as plain passwords are not allowed, and brute-forcing an RSA key is practically impossible.
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Remember to always keep your private keys safe. You can use the same key from multiple computers if you wish, or generate new ones on each client connecting to your cloud server for added security. Each user should generate their own key pair and passphrase for secure access control. With proper management, even in case one of the private keys gets compromised you won’t have to replace them all.
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